THE NATURE DEPICTED IN JOHN LANCHESTER’S THE WALL (2019): AN ECOCRITICISM ANALYSIS
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.sidebar##
Published
Aug 18, 2025
Download
Statistic
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.main##
Abstract
During the last few decades, the condition of nature has been indisputably very dangerous and very poor. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has reported that global warming will be happening on the earth, destroying the ice sheet that causes flooding in Miami, Dacca, Shanghai, Hong Kong, and other regions. Through that background, the concern on nature is increasingly important and it is addressed also in the literary work. This study specifically discusses the representation of nature in John Lanchester’s novel entitled ‘’The Wall”. The researchers focus on the question of what are environmental issues embedded in John Lanchester’s The Wall? This study applies an ecocriticism approach to achieve the objective. The study shows that environmental issues have been a serious concern that is represented in the novel. The issues are global warming, hunger, drowning, and pollution.
##plugins.themes.academic_pro.article.details##
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
The Authors submitting a manuscript do so on the understanding that if accepted for publication, copyright of the article shall be assigned to Jurnal Pembelajaran Sastra (Journal of Literary Education) as publisher of the journal, and the author also holds the copyright without restriction.
Copyright encompasses exclusive rights to reproduce and deliver the article in all form and media, including reprints, photographs, microfilms and any other similar reproductions, as well as translations. The reproduction of any part of this journal, its storage in databases and its transmission by any form or media, such as electronic, electrostatic and mechanical copies, photocopies, recordings, magnetic media, etc. , are allowed with a written permission from Jurnal Pembelajaran Sastra (Journal of Literary Education).
Jurnal Pembelajaran Sastra (Journal of Literary Education), the Editors and the Advisory International Editorial Board make every effort to ensure that no wrong or misleading data, opinions or statements be published in the journal. In any way, the contents of the articles and advertisements published in the Jurnal Pembelajaran Sastra (Journal of Literary Education) are sole and exclusive responsibility of their respective authors and advertisers.
References
Adamson, Joni, and Scot Slovic. 2009. ‘Guest Editors’ Introduction: The Shoulders We Stand On: An Introduction to Ethnicity and Ecocriticism’. MELUS: Multi-Ethnic Literature of the U.S. 34(2):5–24. doi: 10.1353/mel.0.0019.
Albrecht, Glenn. 2011. ‘Chronic Environmental Change: Emerging “Psychoterratic” Syndromes’. Pp. 43–56 in Climate Change and Human Well-Being, International and Cultural Psychology, edited by I. Weissbecker. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Anjum, Tasneem. 2020. ‘Ecofeminism: Exploitation of Women and Nature’. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 5(4):846–48. doi: 10.22161/ijels.54.2.
Anon. n.d. ‘Global CO2 Emissions in 2019 – Analysis’. IEA. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.iea.org/articles/global-co2-emissions-in-2019).
Anshori, Muhammad Rizal. 2020. ‘Climate Change Problems and the Responses of the Main Character in Robert Macfarlane’s Underland: A Deep Time Journey (2019)’.
Appannagari, Dr Ramamohana Reddy. 2017. ‘Envrionmental Polution Causes And Cosequences: A Study’. 3(8):12.
Arnianti, Wulan. 2021. ‘Identifikasi Pergerakan Tanah Penyebab Longsor Wilayah Aglomerasi Kota Bogor Dengan Metode DInSAR Menggunakan Citra Satelit Sentinel-1A Bulan Januari 2021’.
Beyer, Jonny, Hilde C. Trannum, Torgeir Bakke, Peter V. Hodson, and Tracy K. Collier. 2016. ‘Environmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Review’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 110(1):28–51. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.027.
Bordoloi, Ms Juri. 2020. ‘Representation of Man and Nature: An Ecocritical Reading of Anita Desai’s Fire on the Mountain’. An International Refereed/Peer-Reviewed English e-Journal 32–38.
Boren, Sach, and Harri Lammi. 2018. ‘Dramatic Surge in China Carbon Emissions Signals Climate Danger’. Unearthed. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/05/30/china-co2-carbon-climate-emissions-rise-in-2018/).
Buell, Lawrence. 2009. The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. Vol. 52. John Wiley & Sons.
Castle, Gregory. 2013. The Literary Theory Handbook. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Coupe, Laurence, ed. 2000. The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism. London; New York: Routledge.
Cronon, William. 1996. ‘The Trouble with Wilderness: Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature’. Environmental History 1(1):7–28. doi: 10.2307/3985059.
Duhan, Dr Roshni. 2015. ‘The Relationship between Literature and Society’. 15:11.
Dunne, John P., Ronald J. Stouffer, and Jasmin G. John. 2013. ‘Reductions in Labour Capacity from Heat Stress under Climate Warming’. Nature Climate Change 3(6):563–66. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1827.
Evan, Simons, and Rosamund Pearce. 2020. ‘Mapped: The World’s Coal Power Plants in 2020’. Carbon Brief. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-worlds-coal-power-plants).
Farida, Ida, Yudi Permadi, Trisha Adelia, and Nolly Liviani. 2019. ‘Considering All (Non) Living Things: A Biocentric Orientation in Blair Richmond’s The Lithia Trilogy’. Lingua Cultura 13(2):87. doi: 10.21512/lc.v13i1.5522.
Fitzsimmons, Lorna, Youngsuk Chae, and Bella Adams, eds. 2014. Asian American Literature and the Environment. Routledge.
Garrard, Greg. 2004. Ecocriticism. 13th ed. New York: Routledge.
Gifford, Terry. 1999. Pastoral (The New Critical Idiom). 1st ed. USA: Simultaneously.
Gillespie, Tim. 2010. Doing Literary Criticism: Helping Students Engage the Challange Text. Portsmouth: Stenhouse Publishers.
Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm. 1996. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. 10th ed. USA: The University of Georgia Press.
Godde, C. M., D. Mason-D’Croz, D. E. Mayberry, P. K. Thornton, and M. Herrero. 2021. ‘Impacts of Climate Change on the Livestock Food Supply Chain; a Review of the Evidence’. Global Food Security 28:100488. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100488.
Gray, David. 2021. ‘Globalgia and the Loss of Planetary Home in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and John Lanchester’s The Wall’.
Grayson, Jennifer. 2011. ‘Eco Etiquette: Will The BP Oil Spill Worsen Global Warming? | HuffPost Impact’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eco-etiquette-will-the-bp_b_613723).
Gupta, Devina, and Pitam Roy. 2018. ‘Sinking Island in the Sundarbans Delta’. BBC News.
Iheka, Cajetan N. 2021. ‘Postcolonial Ecocriticism and African Literature: The Nigeria Civil War Example’. Biafran War Database.
Isaacs, David. 2020. ‘Apocalypse Perhaps’. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 56(8):1169–71. doi: 10.1111/jpc.15011.
Isfandiari, Adila, and Margo Prebenda. 2022. ‘Indonesia’s New Carbon Pricing: Green Transition or Greenwashing?’ The Jakarta Post.
Jambeck, Jenna R., Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, and Kara Lavender Law. 2015. ‘Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean’. Science 347(6223):768–71. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352.
Kaphle, Dipak. 2021. ‘Genetic Engineering, Globalization and the Future of Ecology: An Ecocritical Study of Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood’. SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 3(1):83–93. doi: 10.3126/sjah.v3i1.35377.
Khan, Jalal Uddin. 2019. ‘History (and Historicity) of Ecocriticism and Ecocritical History: An Introductory Overview’. 2(4):14. doi: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.4.10.
Kim, Jing Yong. 2012. ‘Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided’. Potsdam Institute.
Lechner, Stefan, and Marieke Arns. 2013. ‘Light Pollution’. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13587.48163.
Lewis, Simon L., and Mark A. Maslin. 2015. ‘Defining the Anthropocene’. Nature 519(7542):171–80. doi: 10.1038/nature14258.
Lin, Mayuri Mei, and Rafki Hidayat. 2018. ‘Jakarta, the Fastest-Sinking City in the World - BBC News’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934).
Marland, Pippa. 2013. ‘Ecocriticism: Ecocriticsm’. Literature Compass 10(11):846–68. doi: 10.1111/lic3.12105.
Matthews, Tom K. R., Robert L. Wilby, and Conor Murphy. 2017. ‘Communicating the Deadly Consequences of Global Warming for Human Heat Stress’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(15):3861–66. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1617526114.
Maurya, P. K., S. A. Ali, A. Ahmad, Q. Zhou, J. da Silva Castro, E. Khane, and A. Ali. 2020. ‘An Introduction to Environmental Degradation: Causes, Consequence and Mitigation’. Pp. 1–20 in Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies. Agro Environ Media - Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy, Haridwar, India.
McGrath, Matt. 2022. ‘Climate Change: IPCC Report Warns of “Irreversible” Impacts of Global Warming’. BBC News, February 28.
Mishra, Sandip. 2016. ‘Ecocriticism: A Study of Environmental Issues in Literature’. BRICS Journal of Educational Research 4.
Mohammed, Saman Ali. 2018. ‘The Representation of Nature and Man in Thomas Hardy’s Selected Works’. 5(1):17.
Münster, Reinhold. 2020. ‘The Anthropocene, Technology and Fictional Literature’. Humanities 9(3):56. doi: 10.3390/h9030056.
Nathanshon, Jerry A. 2022. ‘Pollution | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.britannica.com/science/pollution-environment).
Nazir, Muhammad Shahzad, Ali Jafer Mahdi, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. Sohail, Nisar Ali, and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2019. ‘Environmental Impact and Pollution-Related Challenges of Renewable Wind Energy Paradigm – A Review’. Science of The Total Environment 683:436–44. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.274.
Nida, N., and Rahayu, M. 2023. ‘Ecological Environmentalism in Geg Ary Suharsani's Kunang-Kunang Hitam’. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching 14(2):149–63.
Noel, Stacey. 2015. ‘Economics of Land Degradation Initiative: Report for Policy and Decision Makers_ Reaping Economic and Environmental Benefits from Sustainable Land Management’. Bonn, Germany: ELD Initiative and Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Pal, Jeremy S., and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir. 2016. ‘Future Temperature in Southwest Asia Projected to Exceed a Threshold for Human Adaptability’. Nature Climate Change 6(2):197–200. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2833.
Pervin, Ismat Ara, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman, Mani Nepal, Abdul Kalam Enamul Haque, Humayun Karim, and Ganesh Dhakal. 2020. ‘Adapting to Urban Flooding: A Case of Two Cities in South Asia’. Water Policy 22(S1):162–88. doi: 10.2166/wp.2019.174.
Philippon, D. J. 2002. ‘The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism’. Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 9(1):273–75. doi: 10.1093/isle/9.1.273.
Plumer, Brad, Raymond Zhong, and Lisa Friedman. 2022. ‘Time Is Running Out to Avert a Harrowing Future, Climate Panel Warns’. The New York Times, February 28.
Powell, Tori B. 2021. ‘Northern California Family Died of Hyperthermia and Probable Dehydration While on Hike, Sheriff Says’. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hiking-trail-death-hyperthermia-dehydration-california/).
Pranita, Ellyvon. 2021. ‘Kenapa Cuaca Tak Menentu Belakangan Ini? Kadang Panas, Kadang Hujan’. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/03/26/093100523/kenapa-cuaca-tak-menentu-belakangan-ini-kadang-panas-kadang-hujan).
Prasad, Jagadamba, R. Khoiyangbam, and Navindu Gupta. 2015. ‘Environmental Sciences: Scope And Importance’. Pp. 1–13 in.
Prăvălie, Remus. 2014. ‘Nuclear Weapons Tests and Environmental Consequences: A Global Perspective’. AMBIO 43(6):729–44. doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0491-1.
Rahayu, M. 2020. ‘Environmental Literacy Discourse Represented in Local Portal “Nggalek.co”’. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 456(1):012064.
Rahayu, M. 2023. ‘The Discourse of Resistance against Gold Mining in Trenggalek’. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1190(1):012009.
Ramirez-Rubio, Oriana, Michael D. McClean, Juan José Amador, and Daniel R. Brooks. 2013. ‘An Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease in Central America: An Overview’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67(1):1–3. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201141.
Muhlisin, Iqbatul, and Rahayu, Mundi. 2021.
Reditya, Tito Hilmawan. 2021. ‘Kisah Pilu Tragedi Kelaparan Benggala India 1943’. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/09/07/173231470/kisah-pilu-tragedi-kelaparan-benggala-india-1943).
Robock, Alan, and Owen Brian Toon. 2010. ‘Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering’. Scientific American 302(1):74–81. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0110-74.
Romm, Joseph J. 2016. Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Schillerberg, Tayler A., and Di Tian. 2020. ‘Changes of Crop Failure Risks in the United States Associated with Large-Scale Climate Oscillations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans’. Environmental Research Letters 15(6):064035. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab82cd.
Schwirtz, Michael. 2018. ‘Besieged Rohingya Face “Crisis Within the Crisis”: Deadly Floods - The New York Times’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/13/world/asia/rohingya-monsoons-myanmar-bangladesh.html).
Shahzad, Umair. 2015. ‘Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Solutions’. 1(4):8.
Strauss, Benjamin, and Scot Klup. 2017. ‘Extreme Sea Level Rise and the Stakes for America’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-sea-level-rise-stakes-for-america-21387).
Sukmawan, S., and UB Press. 2016. Ekokritik Sastra: Menanggap Sasmita Arcadia. UB Press.
Tahier, Ardha Prima. 2017. ‘An Ecocritical Analysis of Nature and Culture in the Maze Runner Trilogy Novel By James Dashner’. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
Tigchelaar, Michelle, David S. Battisti, Rosamond L. Naylor, and Deepak K. Ray. 2018. ‘Future Warming Increases Probability of Globally Synchronized Maize Production Shocks’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(26):6644–49. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1718031115.
Utami, Arini Wahyu, Jamhari Jamhari, and Suhatmini Hardyastuti. 2011. ‘El Nino, La Nina, Dan Penawaran Pangan Di Jawa, Indonesia’. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan 12(2):257. doi: 10.23917/jep.v12i2.197.
Vermeulen, Pieter. 2017. ‘Future Readers: Narrating the Human in the Anthropocene’. Textual Practice 31(5):867–85. doi: 10.1080/0950236X.2017.1323459.
Waheed, Faryal. 2021. ‘Deep Ecology and the Rhetoric of Critical Dystopia in Piers Torday’s The Last Wild’. Pakistan Social Sciences Review 5(I):815–28. doi: 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-I)61.
Wallace-Wells, David. 2019. The Uninhabitable Earth; Life After Warming. 1st ed. New York: Tim Duggan Books.
Zapf, Hubert, and Christina Caupert. 2008. ‘Cultural Ecology – A New Transdisciplinary Paradigm for Literary Studies?’
Zhao, Chuang, Bing Liu, Shilong Piao, Xuhui Wang, David B. Lobell, Yao Huang, Mengtian Huang, Yitong Yao, Simona Bassu, Philippe Ciais, Jean-Louis Durand, Joshua Elliott, Frank Ewert, Ivan A. Janssens, Tao Li, Erda Lin, Qiang Liu, Pierre Martre, Christoph Müller, Shushi Peng, Josep Peñuelas, Alex C. Ruane, Daniel Wallach, Tao Wang, Donghai Wu, Zhuo Liu, Yan Zhu, Zaichun Zhu, and Senthold Asseng. 2017. ‘Temperature Increase Reduces Global Yields of Major Crops in Four Independent Estimates’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(35):9326–31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701762114.
Zhengwen, Lu. 2018. ‘Retailing and Retelling: Capitalism and Nature in “A Monk Walks along Orchard Road”’. 8:5.
Albrecht, Glenn. 2011. ‘Chronic Environmental Change: Emerging “Psychoterratic” Syndromes’. Pp. 43–56 in Climate Change and Human Well-Being, International and Cultural Psychology, edited by I. Weissbecker. New York, NY: Springer New York.
Anjum, Tasneem. 2020. ‘Ecofeminism: Exploitation of Women and Nature’. International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 5(4):846–48. doi: 10.22161/ijels.54.2.
Anon. n.d. ‘Global CO2 Emissions in 2019 – Analysis’. IEA. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.iea.org/articles/global-co2-emissions-in-2019).
Anshori, Muhammad Rizal. 2020. ‘Climate Change Problems and the Responses of the Main Character in Robert Macfarlane’s Underland: A Deep Time Journey (2019)’.
Appannagari, Dr Ramamohana Reddy. 2017. ‘Envrionmental Polution Causes And Cosequences: A Study’. 3(8):12.
Arnianti, Wulan. 2021. ‘Identifikasi Pergerakan Tanah Penyebab Longsor Wilayah Aglomerasi Kota Bogor Dengan Metode DInSAR Menggunakan Citra Satelit Sentinel-1A Bulan Januari 2021’.
Beyer, Jonny, Hilde C. Trannum, Torgeir Bakke, Peter V. Hodson, and Tracy K. Collier. 2016. ‘Environmental Effects of the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill: A Review’. Marine Pollution Bulletin 110(1):28–51. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.06.027.
Bordoloi, Ms Juri. 2020. ‘Representation of Man and Nature: An Ecocritical Reading of Anita Desai’s Fire on the Mountain’. An International Refereed/Peer-Reviewed English e-Journal 32–38.
Boren, Sach, and Harri Lammi. 2018. ‘Dramatic Surge in China Carbon Emissions Signals Climate Danger’. Unearthed. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://unearthed.greenpeace.org/2018/05/30/china-co2-carbon-climate-emissions-rise-in-2018/).
Buell, Lawrence. 2009. The Future of Environmental Criticism: Environmental Crisis and Literary Imagination. Vol. 52. John Wiley & Sons.
Castle, Gregory. 2013. The Literary Theory Handbook. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley.
Coupe, Laurence, ed. 2000. The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism. London; New York: Routledge.
Cronon, William. 1996. ‘The Trouble with Wilderness: Or, Getting Back to the Wrong Nature’. Environmental History 1(1):7–28. doi: 10.2307/3985059.
Duhan, Dr Roshni. 2015. ‘The Relationship between Literature and Society’. 15:11.
Dunne, John P., Ronald J. Stouffer, and Jasmin G. John. 2013. ‘Reductions in Labour Capacity from Heat Stress under Climate Warming’. Nature Climate Change 3(6):563–66. doi: 10.1038/nclimate1827.
Evan, Simons, and Rosamund Pearce. 2020. ‘Mapped: The World’s Coal Power Plants in 2020’. Carbon Brief. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.carbonbrief.org/mapped-worlds-coal-power-plants).
Farida, Ida, Yudi Permadi, Trisha Adelia, and Nolly Liviani. 2019. ‘Considering All (Non) Living Things: A Biocentric Orientation in Blair Richmond’s The Lithia Trilogy’. Lingua Cultura 13(2):87. doi: 10.21512/lc.v13i1.5522.
Fitzsimmons, Lorna, Youngsuk Chae, and Bella Adams, eds. 2014. Asian American Literature and the Environment. Routledge.
Garrard, Greg. 2004. Ecocriticism. 13th ed. New York: Routledge.
Gifford, Terry. 1999. Pastoral (The New Critical Idiom). 1st ed. USA: Simultaneously.
Gillespie, Tim. 2010. Doing Literary Criticism: Helping Students Engage the Challange Text. Portsmouth: Stenhouse Publishers.
Glotfelty, Cheryll, and Harold Fromm. 1996. The Ecocriticism Reader: Landmarks in Literary Ecology. 10th ed. USA: The University of Georgia Press.
Godde, C. M., D. Mason-D’Croz, D. E. Mayberry, P. K. Thornton, and M. Herrero. 2021. ‘Impacts of Climate Change on the Livestock Food Supply Chain; a Review of the Evidence’. Global Food Security 28:100488. doi: 10.1016/j.gfs.2020.100488.
Gray, David. 2021. ‘Globalgia and the Loss of Planetary Home in Cormac McCarthy’s The Road and John Lanchester’s The Wall’.
Grayson, Jennifer. 2011. ‘Eco Etiquette: Will The BP Oil Spill Worsen Global Warming? | HuffPost Impact’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.huffpost.com/entry/eco-etiquette-will-the-bp_b_613723).
Gupta, Devina, and Pitam Roy. 2018. ‘Sinking Island in the Sundarbans Delta’. BBC News.
Iheka, Cajetan N. 2021. ‘Postcolonial Ecocriticism and African Literature: The Nigeria Civil War Example’. Biafran War Database.
Isaacs, David. 2020. ‘Apocalypse Perhaps’. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 56(8):1169–71. doi: 10.1111/jpc.15011.
Isfandiari, Adila, and Margo Prebenda. 2022. ‘Indonesia’s New Carbon Pricing: Green Transition or Greenwashing?’ The Jakarta Post.
Jambeck, Jenna R., Roland Geyer, Chris Wilcox, Theodore R. Siegler, Miriam Perryman, Anthony Andrady, Ramani Narayan, and Kara Lavender Law. 2015. ‘Plastic Waste Inputs from Land into the Ocean’. Science 347(6223):768–71. doi: 10.1126/science.1260352.
Kaphle, Dipak. 2021. ‘Genetic Engineering, Globalization and the Future of Ecology: An Ecocritical Study of Margaret Atwood’s The Year of the Flood’. SCHOLARS: Journal of Arts & Humanities 3(1):83–93. doi: 10.3126/sjah.v3i1.35377.
Khan, Jalal Uddin. 2019. ‘History (and Historicity) of Ecocriticism and Ecocritical History: An Introductory Overview’. 2(4):14. doi: 10.32996/ijllt.2019.2.4.10.
Kim, Jing Yong. 2012. ‘Turn Down the Heat: Why a 4°C Warmer World Must Be Avoided’. Potsdam Institute.
Lechner, Stefan, and Marieke Arns. 2013. ‘Light Pollution’. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13587.48163.
Lewis, Simon L., and Mark A. Maslin. 2015. ‘Defining the Anthropocene’. Nature 519(7542):171–80. doi: 10.1038/nature14258.
Lin, Mayuri Mei, and Rafki Hidayat. 2018. ‘Jakarta, the Fastest-Sinking City in the World - BBC News’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-44636934).
Marland, Pippa. 2013. ‘Ecocriticism: Ecocriticsm’. Literature Compass 10(11):846–68. doi: 10.1111/lic3.12105.
Matthews, Tom K. R., Robert L. Wilby, and Conor Murphy. 2017. ‘Communicating the Deadly Consequences of Global Warming for Human Heat Stress’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(15):3861–66. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1617526114.
Maurya, P. K., S. A. Ali, A. Ahmad, Q. Zhou, J. da Silva Castro, E. Khane, and A. Ali. 2020. ‘An Introduction to Environmental Degradation: Causes, Consequence and Mitigation’. Pp. 1–20 in Environmental Degradation: Causes and Remediation Strategies. Agro Environ Media - Agriculture and Environmental Science Academy, Haridwar, India.
McGrath, Matt. 2022. ‘Climate Change: IPCC Report Warns of “Irreversible” Impacts of Global Warming’. BBC News, February 28.
Mishra, Sandip. 2016. ‘Ecocriticism: A Study of Environmental Issues in Literature’. BRICS Journal of Educational Research 4.
Mohammed, Saman Ali. 2018. ‘The Representation of Nature and Man in Thomas Hardy’s Selected Works’. 5(1):17.
Münster, Reinhold. 2020. ‘The Anthropocene, Technology and Fictional Literature’. Humanities 9(3):56. doi: 10.3390/h9030056.
Nathanshon, Jerry A. 2022. ‘Pollution | Definition, History, Types, & Facts | Britannica’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.britannica.com/science/pollution-environment).
Nazir, Muhammad Shahzad, Ali Jafer Mahdi, Muhammad Bilal, Hafiz M. Sohail, Nisar Ali, and Hafiz M. N. Iqbal. 2019. ‘Environmental Impact and Pollution-Related Challenges of Renewable Wind Energy Paradigm – A Review’. Science of The Total Environment 683:436–44. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.274.
Nida, N., and Rahayu, M. 2023. ‘Ecological Environmentalism in Geg Ary Suharsani's Kunang-Kunang Hitam’. NOBEL: Journal of Literature and Language Teaching 14(2):149–63.
Noel, Stacey. 2015. ‘Economics of Land Degradation Initiative: Report for Policy and Decision Makers_ Reaping Economic and Environmental Benefits from Sustainable Land Management’. Bonn, Germany: ELD Initiative and Deutsche Gesellschaft Für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH.
Pal, Jeremy S., and Elfatih A. B. Eltahir. 2016. ‘Future Temperature in Southwest Asia Projected to Exceed a Threshold for Human Adaptability’. Nature Climate Change 6(2):197–200. doi: 10.1038/nclimate2833.
Pervin, Ismat Ara, Sheikh Mohammad Mahbubur Rahman, Mani Nepal, Abdul Kalam Enamul Haque, Humayun Karim, and Ganesh Dhakal. 2020. ‘Adapting to Urban Flooding: A Case of Two Cities in South Asia’. Water Policy 22(S1):162–88. doi: 10.2166/wp.2019.174.
Philippon, D. J. 2002. ‘The Green Studies Reader: From Romanticism to Ecocriticism’. Interdisciplinary Studies in Literature and Environment 9(1):273–75. doi: 10.1093/isle/9.1.273.
Plumer, Brad, Raymond Zhong, and Lisa Friedman. 2022. ‘Time Is Running Out to Avert a Harrowing Future, Climate Panel Warns’. The New York Times, February 28.
Powell, Tori B. 2021. ‘Northern California Family Died of Hyperthermia and Probable Dehydration While on Hike, Sheriff Says’. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.cbsnews.com/news/hiking-trail-death-hyperthermia-dehydration-california/).
Pranita, Ellyvon. 2021. ‘Kenapa Cuaca Tak Menentu Belakangan Ini? Kadang Panas, Kadang Hujan’. KOMPAS.com. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.kompas.com/sains/read/2021/03/26/093100523/kenapa-cuaca-tak-menentu-belakangan-ini-kadang-panas-kadang-hujan).
Prasad, Jagadamba, R. Khoiyangbam, and Navindu Gupta. 2015. ‘Environmental Sciences: Scope And Importance’. Pp. 1–13 in.
Prăvălie, Remus. 2014. ‘Nuclear Weapons Tests and Environmental Consequences: A Global Perspective’. AMBIO 43(6):729–44. doi: 10.1007/s13280-014-0491-1.
Rahayu, M. 2020. ‘Environmental Literacy Discourse Represented in Local Portal “Nggalek.co”’. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 456(1):012064.
Rahayu, M. 2023. ‘The Discourse of Resistance against Gold Mining in Trenggalek’. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1190(1):012009.
Ramirez-Rubio, Oriana, Michael D. McClean, Juan José Amador, and Daniel R. Brooks. 2013. ‘An Epidemic of Chronic Kidney Disease in Central America: An Overview’. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 67(1):1–3. doi: 10.1136/jech-2012-201141.
Muhlisin, Iqbatul, and Rahayu, Mundi. 2021.
Reditya, Tito Hilmawan. 2021. ‘Kisah Pilu Tragedi Kelaparan Benggala India 1943’. Retrieved 7 April 2022 (https://www.kompas.com/global/read/2021/09/07/173231470/kisah-pilu-tragedi-kelaparan-benggala-india-1943).
Robock, Alan, and Owen Brian Toon. 2010. ‘Local Nuclear War, Global Suffering’. Scientific American 302(1):74–81. doi: 10.1038/scientificamerican0110-74.
Romm, Joseph J. 2016. Climate Change: What Everyone Needs to Know. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press.
Schillerberg, Tayler A., and Di Tian. 2020. ‘Changes of Crop Failure Risks in the United States Associated with Large-Scale Climate Oscillations in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans’. Environmental Research Letters 15(6):064035. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ab82cd.
Schwirtz, Michael. 2018. ‘Besieged Rohingya Face “Crisis Within the Crisis”: Deadly Floods - The New York Times’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/13/world/asia/rohingya-monsoons-myanmar-bangladesh.html).
Shahzad, Umair. 2015. ‘Global Warming: Causes, Effects and Solutions’. 1(4):8.
Strauss, Benjamin, and Scot Klup. 2017. ‘Extreme Sea Level Rise and the Stakes for America’. Retrieved 8 April 2022 (https://www.climatecentral.org/news/extreme-sea-level-rise-stakes-for-america-21387).
Sukmawan, S., and UB Press. 2016. Ekokritik Sastra: Menanggap Sasmita Arcadia. UB Press.
Tahier, Ardha Prima. 2017. ‘An Ecocritical Analysis of Nature and Culture in the Maze Runner Trilogy Novel By James Dashner’. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta.
Tigchelaar, Michelle, David S. Battisti, Rosamond L. Naylor, and Deepak K. Ray. 2018. ‘Future Warming Increases Probability of Globally Synchronized Maize Production Shocks’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115(26):6644–49. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1718031115.
Utami, Arini Wahyu, Jamhari Jamhari, and Suhatmini Hardyastuti. 2011. ‘El Nino, La Nina, Dan Penawaran Pangan Di Jawa, Indonesia’. Jurnal Ekonomi Pembangunan: Kajian Masalah Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan 12(2):257. doi: 10.23917/jep.v12i2.197.
Vermeulen, Pieter. 2017. ‘Future Readers: Narrating the Human in the Anthropocene’. Textual Practice 31(5):867–85. doi: 10.1080/0950236X.2017.1323459.
Waheed, Faryal. 2021. ‘Deep Ecology and the Rhetoric of Critical Dystopia in Piers Torday’s The Last Wild’. Pakistan Social Sciences Review 5(I):815–28. doi: 10.35484/pssr.2021(5-I)61.
Wallace-Wells, David. 2019. The Uninhabitable Earth; Life After Warming. 1st ed. New York: Tim Duggan Books.
Zapf, Hubert, and Christina Caupert. 2008. ‘Cultural Ecology – A New Transdisciplinary Paradigm for Literary Studies?’
Zhao, Chuang, Bing Liu, Shilong Piao, Xuhui Wang, David B. Lobell, Yao Huang, Mengtian Huang, Yitong Yao, Simona Bassu, Philippe Ciais, Jean-Louis Durand, Joshua Elliott, Frank Ewert, Ivan A. Janssens, Tao Li, Erda Lin, Qiang Liu, Pierre Martre, Christoph Müller, Shushi Peng, Josep Peñuelas, Alex C. Ruane, Daniel Wallach, Tao Wang, Donghai Wu, Zhuo Liu, Yan Zhu, Zaichun Zhu, and Senthold Asseng. 2017. ‘Temperature Increase Reduces Global Yields of Major Crops in Four Independent Estimates’. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 114(35):9326–31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1701762114.
Zhengwen, Lu. 2018. ‘Retailing and Retelling: Capitalism and Nature in “A Monk Walks along Orchard Road”’. 8:5.